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International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology

An International, Peer-Reviewed, Open Access Scholarly Journal Indexed in recognized academic databases · DOI via Crossref The journal adheres to established scholarly publishing, peer-review, and research ethics guidelines set by the UGC

ISSN: 3108-1762 (Online)
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BENCHMARKING GREEN AI METHODS FOR AUDIO DEEPFAKE DETECTION:A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFICIENCY AND ACCURACY

AUTHORS:
Bushra Fatima
Rohitashwa Pandey
Mentor
Affiliation
Computer Science and Engineering,Bansal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, India
CC BY 4.0 License:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract

Audio deepfake detection has emerged as a critical challenge in AI security, driven by the rapid proliferation of advanced voice synthesis and voice conversion technologies. State-of-the-art detectors deliver impressive accuracy but impose substantial computational and environmental costs. Green AI offers a compelling alternative by leveraging frozen, pre-trained self-supervised learning (SSL) models as feature extractors paired with lightweight classical machine learning classifiers — enabling CPU-only training and inference. This paper presents a systematic benchmarking study of existing Green AI approaches for audio deepfake detection, evaluating multiple SSL front-ends (wav2vec 2.0, WavLM, HuBERT) in conjunction with multiple classical ML back-ends (SVM-RBF, Logistic Regression, MLP) across two benchmark datasets — ASVspoof 2019 LA and ASVspoof 2021 DF. Beyond accuracy (measured by Equal Error Rate), we introduce a multi-dimensional efficiency analysis encompassing trainable parameter count, training time, inference time, estimated energy consumption, and approximate CO2 emissions. Our results demonstrate that SSL(wav2vec 2.0, Layer 9) + SVM-RBF achieves the best Green AI accuracy with an EER of 0.90% on ASVspoof 2019 LA using fewer than 1,000 trainable parameters, training in under 3 minutes on a standard CPU.

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Fatima, B. & Pandey, R. (2026). Benchmarking Green AI Methods for Audio Deepfake Detection:A Comparative Study of Efficiency and Accuracy. International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, 02(05). https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.165

Fatima, Bushra, and Rohitashwa Pandey. "Benchmarking Green AI Methods for Audio Deepfake Detection:A Comparative Study of Efficiency and Accuracy." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, vol. 02, no. 05, 2026, pp. . doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.165.

Fatima, Bushra, and Rohitashwa Pandey. "Benchmarking Green AI Methods for Audio Deepfake Detection:A Comparative Study of Efficiency and Accuracy." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology 02, no. 05 (2026). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.165.

References
[1] S. Saha, M. Sahidullah, and S. Das, "Exploring Green AI for Audio Deepfake Detection," Proc. EUSIPCO, 2024.

[2] J. Jung et al., "AASIST: Audio Anti-Spoofing using Integrated Spectro-Temporal Graph Attention Networks," Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 2022.

[3] H. Tak et al., "Automatic Speaker Verification Spoofing and Deepfake Detection Using Wav2vec 2.0," Proc. Odyssey, 2022.

[4] A. Baevski, Y. Zhou, A. Mohamed, and M. Auli, "Wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning," NeurIPS, 2020.

[5] S. Chen et al., "WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processing," IEEE JSTSP, 2022.

[6] W.-N. Hsu et al., "HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning," IEEE/ACM TASLP, vol. 29, 2021.

[7] X. Wang et al., "ASVspoof 2019: A Large-Scale Public Database," Comput. Speech Lang., vol. 64, 2020.

[8] J. Yamagishi et al., "ASVspoof 2021: Towards Spoofed and Deepfake Speech Detection in the Wild," IEEE/ACM TASLP, vol. 31, 2023.

[9] R. Schwartz et al., "Green AI," Commun. ACM, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 54–63, 2020.

[10] E. Strubell, A. Ganesh, and A. McCallum, "Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP," Proc. ACL, 2019.
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This article has undergone plagiarism screening and double-blind peer review. Editorial policies have been followed. Authors retain copyright under CC BY-NC 4.0 license. The research complies with ethical standards and institutional guidelines.
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