Divya Sree¹, Mohammed Arif², Keerthana P.³

¹ Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
² Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
³ Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Abstract

CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary genome-editing technology, has transformed molecular biology with its precision, efficiency, and versatility. This article explores recent advancements in CRISPR-based systems, including novel Cas proteins, base editing, and prime editing, and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences. We review key developments, such as therapeutic interventions for genetic disorders and cancer, as well as agricultural enhancements for crop resilience. Ethical considerations, particularly surrounding human germline editing, off-target effects, and equitable access, are critically analyzed. Through a comprehensive literature review and discussion of current methodologies, this article evaluates the potential and challenges of CRISPR technologies. We conclude with insights into future directions, emphasizing the need for robust regulatory frameworks and inclusive ethical discussions to ensure responsible use.CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized genome editing, offering unprecedented precision and efficiency in modifying genetic material. Recent advancements have expanded the CRISPR toolkit, introducing novel Cas proteins with enhanced specificity and reduced off-target effects. Base editing and prime editing techniques have further refined the technology, allowing for more precise genetic modifications without inducing double-strand breaks. These innovations have opened new avenues in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences, enabling targeted therapeutic interventions for genetic disorders and cancer, as well as the development of crops with improved resilience to environmental stresses.

Agricultural applications focus on developing crops with improved yield, nutritional content, and resistance to pests and environmental stresses. Environmental scientists are exploring CRISPR’s potential in conservation efforts and managing invasive species. However, these advancements are accompanied by ethical concerns, particularly regarding human germline editing, potential off-target effects, and equitable access to the technology. As CRISPR continues to evolve, addressing these ethical considerations and establishing robust regulatory frameworks will be crucial to ensure responsible development and application of this powerful technology.

Keywords

CRISPR-Cas9, genome editing, gene therapy, ethical considerations, somatic editing, germline editing, off-target effects, precision medicine, agriculture, healjth equity