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AZOLE ANTIFUNGAL LOZENGES FOR ORAL CANDIDIASIS: MECHANISM, EFFICACY, AND EMERGING RESISTANCE

AUTHORS:
Prajakta P. Shinde
Prathmesh Ajay Kale
Kedar R. Rajapure
Krishna A. Shahane
Prathamesh P. Hase
Mentor
Affiliation
Department of Pharmaceutics, SMBT College of Pharmacy, Dhamangaon, Nashik, Maharashtra, India-422403. Affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University.
DOI: 10.55041/ijsmt.v2i3.385
CC BY 4.0 License:
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract

Lozenges are an effective pharmaceutical form for delivering medications to treat conditions affecting the mouth and throat. These solid preparations dissolve slowly, providing both local and systemic effects. First conceptualized by James Lofthouse in 1865, lozenges have evolved into a convenient remedy for infections, coughs, and sore throats. Their advantages include prolonged drug action, ease of administration, and improved absorption, though they may cause inconsistent drug distribution and accidental swallowing. Commonly, lozenges incorporate agents such as antibiotics, antifungals, and anesthetics. Notably, miconazole and clotrimazole azole-based antifungal agents—are widely used to treat oral candidiasis, a fungal infection primarily caused by Candida albicans. Miconazole disrupts fungal cell membranes, while clotrimazole shows high efficacy in immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV patients or those undergoing chemotherapy. However, antifungal resistance is a growing concern, driven by genetic mutations, structural alterations, and increased drug efflux in fungal cells. To counteract this, researchers are exploring advanced drug delivery systems like bioadhesive lozenges, which extend drug contact time within the oral cavity, improving therapeutic outcomes while minimizing systemic exposure.

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PUBLICATION DETAILS
Review Type:
Double-Blind Peer Review
License:
CC BY-NC 4.0
Volume/Issue:
Volume 02, Issue 03
Review Rounds:
2
Article Type:
Research Article
Publication Date:
Mar 30 2026
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Shinde, P. P., Kale, P. A., Rajapure, K. R., Shahane, K. A. & Hase, P. P. (2026). Azole Antifungal Lozenges for Oral Candidiasis: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Emerging Resistance. International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, 02(03). https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i3.385

Shinde, Prajakta, et al.. "Azole Antifungal Lozenges for Oral Candidiasis: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Emerging Resistance." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, vol. 02, no. 03, 2026, pp. . doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i3.385.

Shinde, Prajakta,Prathmesh Kale,Kedar Rajapure,Krishna Shahane, and Prathamesh Hase. "Azole Antifungal Lozenges for Oral Candidiasis: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Emerging Resistance." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology 02, no. 03 (2026). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i3.385.

References
1. Rathod M, Poharkar S, Pandhre Y, Muneshwar M, Sul S. Medicated Lozenges As an Easy To Use Dosage Form. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor. 2018;7(16):305–22.

2.Chandrawanshi Mayuri J, Sakhare RS, Nagoba Shivappa N, Bhalekar Rohini V. A REVIEW ON MEDICATED LOZENGES. 2018;

3.Pothu R, Yamsani MR. Lozenges Formulation and Evaluation : a Review. International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Research. 2014 Apr 25;5(5):290–8.

4.Halpati HA, Chotaliya M, Halpati HA. Formulation and evaluation of medicated lozenges for oral and oropharyngeal candidiasis.

5.Pundir S, Verma AML. Review on Lozenges Article. Journal der Pharmazie Forschung. 2014;2(1):1–10.

6.Majumdar S, Jogi V. www.iajpr.com DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIFUNGAL LOZENGES FOR TREATMENT OF OROPHARYNGEAL CANDIDIASIS. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;5(01).

7.M S U, S R D, R R, K S L, N D. Chewable Lozenge Formulation- a Review. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2016;7(4):9–16.

8.Majekodunmi SO. A Review on Lozenges. 2015;5(2):99–104.

9.Silva LN, de Mello TP, de Souza Ramos L, Branquinha MH, dos Santos ALS. Current Challenges and Updates on the Therapy of Fungal Infections. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;19(7):495–9.

10.Meis JFGM, Verweij PE. Current management of fungal infections. Drugs. 2001;61:13–25.
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This article has undergone plagiarism screening and double-blind peer review. Editorial policies have been followed. Authors retain copyright under CC BY-NC 4.0 license. The research complies with ethical standards and institutional guidelines.
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