SOC-DEPENDENT HARMONIC DISTORTION IN EV BATTERY CHARGERS: A SIMULATION STUDY
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Dr.Shridhar.S.Khule
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Matoshri College of engineering and Research Nasik
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Abstract
The widespread deployment of electric vehicle (EV) chargers as non‑linear loads on low‑voltage distribution grids raises significant power quality concerns. Most existing grid studies model EV chargers as constant harmonic sources, ignoring the dynamic variation of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) with battery State of Charge (SOC). This paper presents a comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation study of a single‑phase Level‑2 EV charger employing a Multi‑Stage Constant Current – Constant Voltage (MSCC‑CV) charging algorithm with dual PID control. Nine quasi‑static parametric simulations are conducted at SOC levels from 20 % to 95 %, and FFT‑based harmonic analysis is applied to extract THD at each operating point. Results reveal a characteristic U‑shaped THD–SOC pattern with a minimum of 3.5 % at 60 % SOC and a maximum of 7.8 % at 95 % SOC. The mean THD of 4.68 % meets the IEEE 519‑2022 limit of 5.0 %, but THD exceeds the standard at 90 % and 95 % SOC. Physical mechanisms — including MSCC current step‑downs and the CC‑to‑CV mode transition — are identified and analyzed. Practical recommendations for grid operators, charger designers, and charging station planners are derived.
Keywords
Electric vehicle charging total harmonic distortion (THD) state of charge (SOC) buck converter MSCC PID control IEEE 519 MATLAB/Simulink FFT power quality.
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Double-Blind Peer Review
License:
CC BY-NC 4.0
Volume/Issue:
Volume 02, Issue 6
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2
Article Type:
Research Article
Publication Date:
Jun 29 2026
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Harshda.J.Wankhede, & S.Hadpe, S. (2026). SOC-Dependent Harmonic Distortion in EV Battery Chargers: A Simulation Study. International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, 02(6). https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i6.197
Harshda.J.Wankhede, , and Somnath S.Hadpe. "SOC-Dependent Harmonic Distortion in EV Battery Chargers: A Simulation Study." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, vol. 02, no. 6, 2026, pp. . doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i6.197.
Harshda.J.Wankhede, , and Somnath S.Hadpe. "SOC-Dependent Harmonic Distortion in EV Battery Chargers: A Simulation Study." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology 02, no. 6 (2026). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i6.197.
References
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[6] M. Senol and I. S. Bayram, “Impact Assessment and Mitigation of Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Harmonics,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 207412–207432, 2025. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3641505.
[7] X. Wu, Y. Xia, J. Du, and X. Gao, “Multistage Constant Current Charging Strategy Based on Multiobjective Current Optimization,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 2388–2398, Dec. 2022. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2022.3180506.
[8] M. Sabarimuthu, N. Senthilnathan, and M. S. Kamalesh, “Multi-stage Constant Current–Constant Voltage Under Constant Temperature (MSCC-CV-CT) Charging Technique for Lithium-ion Batteries in Light Weight Electric Vehicles,” Electr. Eng., vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 4289–4309, Aug. 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s00202-023-01937-w.
[9] M. U. Tahir, A. Sangwongwanich, D. Stroe, and F. Blaabjerg, “Multi-objective Optimization for Multi-stage Constant Current Charging for Li-ion Batteries,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 86, p. 111313, May 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.111313.
[10] A. Srivastava, M. Manas, and R. K. Dubey, “Integration of Power Systems with Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review of Impact on Power Quality and Relevant Enhancements,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 234, p. 110113, Sep. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110113.
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