IOT-BASED SUPERVISORY CONTROL OF FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS FOR HVDC SUBSTATIONS: ARCHITECTURE, IMPLEMENTATION, AND PERFORMANCE
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High-voltage direct current (HVDC) grids are expanding rapidly as the backbone of long-distance renewable energy transmission, but their low system impedance creates a fault current problem that AC networks, with their natural zero-crossings, do not face in quite the same way. Fault currents in HVDC systems can reach damaging levels in under two milliseconds, faster than most conventional protection relays can even detect a fault, let alone respond to it. Fault current limiters (FCLs) — superconducting, solid-state, or hybrid — address the physics of the problem, but integrating them into a supervisory control architecture that can monitor health, predict impending failures, and coordinate with the wider SCADA system has remained an open engineering challenge. This paper proposes an IoT-based three-layer supervisory control framework for FCL management in HVDC substations, combining IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging at the edge with MQTT-over-TLS telemetry to a cloud SCADA platform and an LSTM-based edge AI module for real-time fault classification. Tested on a ±500 kV HVDC substation hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed, the proposed system detected fault inception in 1.8 ms, triggered FCL insertion in under 1 ms, and limited the prospective 28 kA fault current to 5 kA — an 82 % reduction. End-to-end SCADA latency was 4.2 ms, and system availability over a six-month monitoring period was 99.97 %. The false positive trip rate was 0.003 %, lower than any previously reported figure for this class of application.
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P.G.Sardar, P. (2026). IOT-Based Supervisory Control of Fault Current Limiters for HVDC Substations: Architecture, Implementation, and Performance. International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, 02(05). https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.309
P.G.Sardar, Prof. "IOT-Based Supervisory Control of Fault Current Limiters for HVDC Substations: Architecture, Implementation, and Performance." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, vol. 02, no. 05, 2026, pp. . doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.309.
P.G.Sardar, Prof. "IOT-Based Supervisory Control of Fault Current Limiters for HVDC Substations: Architecture, Implementation, and Performance." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology 02, no. 05 (2026). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.309.
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