EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL, AND EDUCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT AS PREDICTORS OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN BILASPUR DISTRICT, INDIA: A HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION STUDY
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Department of Education, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)
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Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined whether emotional, social, and educational maladjustment were associated with global self-esteem among 530 secondary students in Bilaspur District, India (270 male, 260 female) and whether adjustment explained variance beyond gender. Item-level responses were scored using the manuals; higher Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS) scores indicate greater adjustment difficulty and higher Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) scores indicate higher self-esteem. Internal consistency was α = .69-.70 for AISS domains and α = .89 for the RSES. All three maladjustment domains correlated negatively with self-esteem (rs = -.32 to -.37, ps < .001). In hierarchical regression, the adjustment block explained additional variance beyond gender, ΔR² = .148, F(3, 525) = 31.02, p < .001. Educational maladjustment had a significant unique association (B = -0.40, β = -.24, p < .001); emotional maladjustment was not significant, and the social coefficient was not robust to HC3 standard errors. The cross-sectional design precludes causal conclusions. Convenience-influenced school selection limits generalization, and modest AISS reliability warrants cautious interpretation.
Keywords
adolescence emotional adjustment educational adjustment hierarchical regression self-esteem social adjustment
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Double-Blind Peer Review
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CC BY-NC 4.0
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Volume 02, Issue 10
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2
Article Type:
Research Article
Publication Date:
Nov 01 2026
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Panda, S. R., Singh, P. K. & Singh, R. K. (2026). Emotional, Social, and Educational Adjustment as Predictors of Self-Esteem among Secondary School Students in Bilaspur District, India: A Hierarchical Regression Study. International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, 02(10), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i10.095
Panda, Seeman, et al.. "Emotional, Social, and Educational Adjustment as Predictors of Self-Esteem among Secondary School Students in Bilaspur District, India: A Hierarchical Regression Study." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, vol. 02, no. 10, 2026, pp. 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i10.095.
Panda, Seeman,Pramod Singh, and Rakesh Singh. "Emotional, Social, and Educational Adjustment as Predictors of Self-Esteem among Secondary School Students in Bilaspur District, India: A Hierarchical Regression Study." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology 02, no. 10 (2026): 1-9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i10.095.
References
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Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1997). The teacher-child relationship and children’s early school adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 35(1), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(96)00029-5
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593-623. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.593
DuBois, D. L., & Flay, B. R. (2004). The healthy pursuit of self-esteem: Comment on and alternative to the Crocker and Park (2004) formulation. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.415
Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2011). Schools as developmental contexts during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 225-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00725.x
Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., & Mac Iver, D. (1993). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in schools and in families. American Psychologist, 48(2), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.90
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton.
Harris, M. A., & Orth, U. (2020). The link between self-esteem and social relationships: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(6), 1459-1477. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000265
Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
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