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International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology

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THE MEASUREMENT ILLUSION: WHY KPI, KRA, AND 360° ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS ARE CREATING ORGANISATIONAL BLINDNESS

AUTHORS:
Ravi Kumar Neelayapalem
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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract

Modern organisations increasingly rely on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Key Result Areas (KRAs), and 360-degree feedback systems to evaluate employee performance. While these frameworks were originally designed to improve accountability and measurable productivity, excessive dependence on numerical targets and perception-based evaluations has created significant structural limitations in modern enterprises. This article critically examines how traditional assessment systems often measure visible activity rather than sustainable organisational value creation. The paper argues that KPI-centric cultures may unintentionally encourage short-termism, behavioural manipulation, innovation suppression, political alignment, and employee disengagement. In the AI-driven business environment, organisations require more adaptive and intelligent performance frameworks capable of evaluating strategic contribution, learning agility, behavioural intelligence, cost consciousness, and long-term value creation. The article proposes a conceptual framework called the Human Value Intelligence (HVI) Model, designed to integrate operational, behavioural, strategic, and adaptive dimensions of employee contribution. Case-based comparisons are presented to demonstrate the limitations of traditional KPI/KRA systems and the effectiveness of value-centric assessment approaches in modern organisational environments.

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Neelayapalem, R. K. (2026). The Measurement Illusion: Why KPI, KRA, and 360° Assessment Systems are Creating Organisational Blindness. International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, 02(05). https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.278

Neelayapalem, Ravi. "The Measurement Illusion: Why KPI, KRA, and 360° Assessment Systems are Creating Organisational Blindness." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology, vol. 02, no. 05, 2026, pp. . doi:https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.278.

Neelayapalem, Ravi. "The Measurement Illusion: Why KPI, KRA, and 360° Assessment Systems are Creating Organisational Blindness." International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology 02, no. 05 (2026). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsmt.v2i5.278.

References
[1] Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard—Measures that Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71–79.

[2] Aguinis, H. (2019). Performance Management (4th ed.). Chicago Business Press.

[3] Armstrong, M. (2021). Armstrong’s Handbook of Performance Management. Kogan Page.

[4] Doerr, J. (2018). Measure What Matters. Portfolio Penguin.

[5] DeNisi, A., & Kluger, A. (2000). Feedback effectiveness: Can 360-degree appraisals be improved? Academy of Management Executive, 14(1),    129–139.

[6] Bracken, D. W., Timmreck, C. W., & Church, A. H. (2001). The Handbook of Multisource Feedback. Jossey-Bass.

[7] Smither, J. W., London, M., & Reilly, R. R. (2005). Does performance improve following multisource feedback? Personnel Psychology, 58(1), 33–66.

[8] Espeland, W. N., & Sauder, M. (2007). Rankings and Reactivity: How Public Measures Recreate Social Worlds. American Journal of Sociology, 113(1), 1–40.

[9] Vuong, T. D. N. (2022). The Key Strategies for Measuring Employee Performance in Organizations: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 14(21), 14017.

[10] Ravi Kumar Neelayapalem . (2026). Human Capital Audit in the AI Era – 2030: Assessing Workforce Readiness for Intelligent Organisations.
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✓ All ethical standards met
This article has undergone plagiarism screening and double-blind peer review. Editorial policies have been followed. Authors retain copyright under CC BY-NC 4.0 license. The research complies with ethical standards and institutional guidelines.
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