In recent years, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosures have gained increasing importance as organizations face growing pressure to adopt transparent and sustainable business practices. ESG reporting enables firms to communicate their environmental initiatives, social responsibilities, and governance mechanisms to stakeholders, thereby enhancing accountability and long-term value creation (Deloitte, 2023; SEBI, 2023).

The present study examines the relationship between ESG disclosure practices and the financial performance of selected Kerala-based companies. The analysis is based on secondary data collected from publicly available sources, including annual reports, corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports, sustainability reports, and Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reports (BRSR) for the period 2019–20 to 2023–24. A disclosure-based ESG scoring model, developed using content analysis, is employed to assess the level of sustainability reporting. Financial performance is evaluated using key profitability indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Net Profit Margin (NPM).