Regional disparities in economic development remain one of the major challenges of India’s growth process. Although India has achieved rapid economic progress after independence, the benefits of development have not been equally distributed among different states and regions. Differences in income, infrastructure, industrialization, employment opportunities, education, healthcare, and technological advancement have created significant spatial inequalities. States such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi have emerged as developed economic regions, whereas several eastern, central, and north-eastern regions continue to face developmental challenges.

Geographical factors such as resource availability, location, climate, terrain, and accessibility influence the pace of regional development. Historical conditions, investment patterns, government policies, and human resource development also contribute to regional differences. This paper examines the causes, consequences, and future possibilities of regional disparities in India from a geographical perspective. It emphasizes the importance of balanced regional planning, sustainable development, and inclusive policies to achieve equitable economic growth.